Avoid spending too much time explaining every precondition: we will be working through the details during the course. The intent is to show that there are several.

“An incomplete list, but these are a few of the major safety preconditions to get us thinking.”

• Validity. Values must be valid values of the type that they represent. Rust’s references may not be null. Creating one with unsafe causes the.
• Alignment. References to values must be well-aligned, which means th
• Aliasing. All Rust code must uphold Rust’s borrowing rules. If you are manually creating mutable references (&mut T) from pointers, then you may only create one
• Initialization. All instances of Rust types must be fully initialized. To create a value from raw memory, we need to make sure that we’ve written
• Pointer provenance. The origin of a pointer is important. Casting a usize to a raw pointer is no longer allowed.
• Lifetimes. References must not outlive their referent.

Some conditions are even more subtle than they first seem.

Consider “in-bounds array access”. Reading from the memory location, i.e. dereferencing, is not required to break the program. Creating an out-of-bounds reference already breaks the compiler’s assumptions, leading to erratic behavior.

Rust tells LLVM to use its getelementptr inbounds assumption. That assumption will cause later optimization passes within the compiler to misbehave (because out-of-bounds memory access cannot occur).

Optional: open the playground, which shows the code below. Explain that this is essentially a C function written in Rust syntax that gets items from an array. Generate the LLVM IR with the Show LLVM IR button. Highlight getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %array, i64 %offset.

#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
pub unsafe fn get(array: *const i32, offset: isize) -> i32 {
    unsafe { *array.offset(offset) }
}

Expected output (the line to highlight starts with `%_3):

define noundef i32 @get(ptr noundef readonly captures(none) %array, i64 noundef %offset) unnamed_addr #0 {
start:
  %_3 = getelementptr inbounds i32, ptr %array, i64 %offset
  %_0 = load i32, ptr %_3, align 4, !noundef !3
  ret i32 %_0
}

Bounds: You correctly noted that creating an out-of-bounds pointer (beyond the “one-past-the-end” rule) is UB, even without dereferencing, due to LLVM’s inbounds assumptions.