解构
与元组一样,结构体和枚举也可以通过匹配方式进行解构:
结构体
struct Foo { x: (u32, u32), y: u32, } #[rustfmt::skip] fn main() { let foo = Foo { x: (1, 2), y: 3 }; match foo { Foo { x: (1, b), y } => println!("x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}"), Foo { y: 2, x: i } => println!("y = 2, x = {i:?}"), Foo { y, .. } => println!("y = {y}, other fields were ignored"), } }
枚举
模式还可用于将变量绑定到值的某些部分。这是您检查类型结构的方式。我们先从简单的“enum”类型开始:
enum Result { Ok(i32), Err(String), } fn divide_in_two(n: i32) -> Result { if n % 2 == 0 { Result::Ok(n / 2) } else { Result::Err(format!("cannot divide {n} into two equal parts")) } } fn main() { let n = 100; match divide_in_two(n) { Result::Ok(half) => println!("{n} divided in two is {half}"), Result::Err(msg) => println!("sorry, an error happened: {msg}"), } }
在这里,我们使用了分支来解构“Result”值。在第一个分支中,“half”被绑定到“Ok”变体中的值。在第二个分支中,“msg”被绑定到错误消息。
This slide should take about 8 minutes.
结构体
- 更改“foo”中的字面量值以与其他模式相匹配。
- 向“Foo”添加一个新字段,并根据需要更改模式。
- 捕获和常量表达式之间的区别可能很难发现。尝试将第二个分支中的“2”更改为一个变量,可以看到它几乎无法运作了。将它更改为“const”,可以看到它又正常运作了。
枚举
关键点:
- “if”/“else”表达式将返回一个枚举,该枚举之后会使用“match”进行解封装。
- 您可以尝试在枚举定义中添加第三个变体,并在运行代码时显示错误。指出代码现在有哪些地方还不详尽,并说明编译器会如何尝试给予提示。
- The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern matched.
- Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled.
- Save the result of
divide_in_two
in theresult
variable andmatch
it in a loop. That won't compile becausemsg
is consumed when matched. To fix it, match&result
instead ofresult
. That will makemsg
a reference so it won't be consumed. This "match ergonomics" appeared in Rust 2018. If you want to support older Rust, replacemsg
withref msg
in the pattern.